Content
- Basic IT concepts
- Main categories⇒
- Main categories, keywords and key sentences (Lesson0)⇒
- Short texts – What is a computer?
- Digital computer⇒
- What is a computer?
- What does digital mean?
- What are the most important data types?
- Computer systems⇒
- What are the main components of a computer system?
- What can be the benefit of using more than one computer at the same time?
- In what forms can computers work together?
- Computer hardware⇒
- What are the basic parts of the central unit of a modern computer?
- What is the main function of the ALU and the CU?
- What kind of peripheral devices do you know?
- Early computers⇒
- What are the early computers meant for?
- When was the ENIAC completed?
- What led to the Digital Revolution of our times?
- Computer software⇒
- What is the main role of instructions in the computer?
- What is software made up of, and what do programs consist of?
- What is the function of the operating system?
- Computer applications⇒
- What kind of special-purpose devices use computers as control systems?
- Why can personal computers be considered as general-purpose devices?
- What is the most important feature of the Internet?
- Tests for practice⇒
- Test settings⇒
- Appendix
Recommended readings:
Wikipedia (2026-05-26)
Computer Basics - Tutorial | GCF Global (2023-02-14)
This tutorial will help you understand how computers work and how to use them.⇒
If you are just looking to learn more about how computers work, you will find all of the information you need in this tutorial.⇒
We'll talk about how to set up a new computer, the difference between hardware and software, and so on.⇒
You can use an online JavaScript interpreter to try simple JS programs:
Online JavaScript Interpreter by Peter Jipsen, Chapman University (January 2013).
http://math.chapman.edu/~jipsen/js/ (2020-11-19)Note: If the link above does not work for some reason, please use the link here.
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Index of terms
- address⇒
- algorithm⇒
- application program⇒
- artificial intelligence (AI)⇒
- backward compatibility⇒
- central processing unit (CPU)⇒
- chipset⇒
- cloud⇒
- computer⇒
A digital computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of operations automatically.
- computer system⇒
- cluster⇒
- control system⇒
- data⇒
- data processing⇒
- data representation⇒
- data type⇒
- database⇒
- digit⇒
- digital (device, machine etc.)⇒
- electronic (circuit, components, device, machine etc.)⇒
- grid computing⇒
- hardware⇒
- information⇒
- information processing⇒
- instruction⇒
- instruction set⇒
- memory⇒
- motherboard⇒
- multimedia⇒
- network⇒
- operation⇒
- program⇒
- relational database⇒
- software⇒
- spreadsheet⇒
- statement⇒
- terminal⇒
- transistor⇒
- upward compatibility⇒
- word processor⇒
A digital computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of operations automatically.
Related terms
computer;* digital;* electronic;* program;* operation;* automatic; [Digital computer]
operation ↭ instruction
sequence of instructions ≼ (low-level) program
sequence of statements ≼ (high-level) program
sequences of operations ↭ program
A digital computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetical, logical or other type of operations using binary representation of data.
Related terms
computer;* digital;* electronic;* program;* (arithmetical) operation;* (logical) operation;* binary representation;* data;* [Digital computer]
binary representation ≺ data representation
sequences of operations ↭ program
A computer program consists of a given set of instructions or statements that can be executed sequentially by a computer in order to carry out a clearly defined task.
Related terms
program;* instruction;* statement;* sequential execution; computer;* [computer program]
Each program describes and implements an algorithm to solve a specific problem using a computer.
Related terms
program;* algorithm;* problem solving; computer;* [computer program]
In von Neumann computers, programs are based on the sequential execution of instructions.
Related terms
(von Neumann) computer;* program;* sequential execution; instruction;* [computer program]
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data.⇒
Related terms
computer;* electronic;* (manipulate) information;* (manipulate) data;* [data]
manipulate information ≺ information processing
manipulate data ≺ data processing
Data type defines the way a particular data item or unit is represented and interpreted by the computer.
Related terms
data type;* data;* computer;* operation;* computer;* [data]
A computer is an electronic data processing machine that can store and deal with large amounts of information.⇒
Related terms
computer;* electronic;* data processing;* (store, deal with) information;* [data processing machine]
store and deal with large amounts of information ≺ information processing
A computer is an electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations.⇒
Related terms
computer;* electronic;* (accept) data;* operation;* (display) data;* [data processing machine]
accept data ≼ input data ≺ data
display the results ≼ output data ≺ data
A digital computer is an electronic computing machine that can quickly make arithmetical calculations, collect and process data, store, arrange (or rearrange), and retrieve information, or control another machine.⇒
Related terms
computer;* digital;* electronic;* (make) calculation; (collect, process) data;* (store, arrange, retrieve) information;* control system;* [data processing machine]
computer ≺ computing machine ≺ data processing machine
collect and process data ≺ data processing
store, rearrange, and retrieve information ≺ information processing
A digital computer is a universal electronic equipment which is capable to perform almost every data processing task.
Related terms
computer;* digital;* universal; electronic;* data processing;* [universal machine]
The central role of the digital computer in the discipline of computer science is due to its near-universality as an information processing machine.⇒
Related terms
computer;* digital;* computer science; universal; information processing;* [universal machine]
Cyberbetics is the study of systems of control and communication, both in animals as well as in electronically-based and computer systems.⇒
Related terms
control system;* communication; electronic;* computer system;* [control system]
A computer system is a nominally complete computer that includes the core hardware, peripheral equipment, the operating system, and the application software needed and used for full operation.⇒
Related terms
computer system;* (nominally complete) computer;* (core) hardware;* peripheral (equipment); operating system;* application software;* full operation; [Computer systems]
operating system ≺ software
application program ≼ application software ≺ software
Everything you do on your computer will rely on both hardware and software.⇒
Related terms
computer;* hardware;* software;* [Computer systems]
The operating system is the most basic system software that manages application programs, provides access to the resources of the computer, and ensures safety and security to the users of the system.⇒
Related terms
operating system;* (system) software;* application program;* access; (computer) resources; computer;* security; safety; (computer) user; computer system;* [Computer systems]
Computer systems are structured into five essential functional hardware units (Input, Output, Memory, ALU and Control Unit) that collaborate to process data.
Related terms
computer system;* hardware;* functional hardware units; (process) data;* [Computer systems]
input, memory, CPU (ALU, CU), output ≼ functional hardware units ≺ hardware
The central part of a computer system is built from electronic components, primarily the CPU, memory modules (RAM), and the motherboard.
Related terms
computer system;* electronic;* central processing unit;* memory;* motherboard;* [Computer systems]
Modular computers contain independent and interchangeable hardware and software modules designed for flexible configuration, reliability and rapid upgrades.
Related terms
computer;* modular; hardware;* software;* [modular design]
Modular personal computer design uses standardized, interchangeable hardware and software components and units allowing users to easily upgrade, repair or replace specific parts.
Related terms
personal computer;* modular; standardized; hardware;* software;* [modular design]
personal computer ≺ computer
In a broader sense, the term 'computer system' may also refer to a computer network which is a group of computers that are linked and function together.
Related terms
computer system;* computer network;* computer;* link; [computer network]
Computer hardware is the physical portion of the computer system including any part of the computer that has a physical structure.
Related terms
hardware;* computer system;* computer;* [Computer hardware]
Digital computer hardware refers to the physical, tangible components of a computer system that process data, including the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and motherboard.
Related terms
computer;* digital;* hardware;* computer system;* (process) data;* Central Processing Unit (CPU);* memory;* storage device; motherboard;* [Computer hardware]
random access memory (RAM) ≺ memory
HDD, SDD ≺ storage device
In a digital computer, the central processing unit (CPU) acts as a digital brain which is divided into three primary parts such as the ALU, the control unit (CU), and a register array.
Related terms
computer;* digital;* central processing unit;* digital brain; arithmetic logic unit; control unit; register array; [central processing unit]
In a digital computer, the electronic circuitry of the central processing unit (CPU) executes the instructions of programs sequentially in an endless loop called fetch-execute cycle.
Related terms
computer;* digital;* electronic;* circuitry; central processing unit;* instruction;* program;* sequential execution; fetch-execute cycle; [automatic operation]
The hardware architecture of a von Neumann computer consists of a set of interconnected digital units where both program instructions and data are stored together in the same physical memory space.
Related terms
hardware;* computer;* digital;* functional hardware units; program;* instruction;* data;* memory;* [automatic operation]
functional hardware units ≺ digital hardware units
Early computers were meant to be used only for calculations.
Related terms
computer;* calculation; [Early computers]
Early digital computers were designed to automate complex, tedious calculations like military ballistics tables and cryptographic codes.
Related terms
digital;* computer;* calculation; [Early computers]
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer which was completed in 1945.⇒
Related terms
ENIAC;* programmable;* electronic;* universal; digital;* computer;* [Early computers]
general-purpose ≺ universal
ENIAC was one of the first early computers characterized by vacuum tube technology, extreme power consumption, immense weight, and enormous physical size occupying an entire room.
Related terms
ENIAC;* early computer;* vacuum tube; [Early computers]
early computer ≺ computer
All digital computers today are built up from electronic circuitry.⇒
Related terms
computer;* digital;* electronic;* circuit; [electronic machine]
The computer software comprises the instructions and data to be processed using the computer hardware.⇒
Related terms
computer;* software;* instruction;* data;* data processing;* hardware;* [Computer software]
instruction ≺ program ≺ software
The computer software and hardware complete any task together.⇒
Related terms
computer;* software;* hardware;* [Computer software]
Computer software is made up of a group of related programs each of which performs a specific processing task.
Related terms
computer;* software;* program;* data processing;* [Computer software]
In a multitasking software environment, multiple programs and processes can be run concurrently on a single computer.
Related terms
multitasking; software;* program;* process; computer;* [Computer software]
Computer applications consist of application programs that are designed for end-users to perform specific productive, creative, or entertainment tasks.
Related terms
computer;* application program;* [Computer applications]
An application program is a computer software package that performs a specific function directly for the end user or, in some cases, for another application.⇒
Related terms
application program;* computer;* software;* (software) package; (computer) user; [Computer applications]
You can use a computer to do many things, for example to type documents, send emails, browse the Web, create and edit spreadsheets, presentations and even videos, play games, and so on.⇒
Related terms
computer;* document; email; Web; spreadsheet;* presentation; video; game; [Computer applications]
document, email, web page, spreadsheet, presentation, video ≺ (types of) data
type a document, ..., play a game ≺ application program
Application programs for data processing are software systems designed to collect, manipulate, analyze, and visualize data to support business intelligence and decision-making using a computer.
Related terms
application program;* data processing;* software;* data;* business intelligence; decision-making; computer;* [Computer applications]
A
The address of a specific data item refers to its exact location within the main memory of the computer.⇒
Related terms
address;* data;* memory;* computer;*
An algorithm is a sequence of operations in a well-defined order for solving a problem (e.g. performing a calculation).
Related terms
algorithm;* operation;* problem solving; calculation;
An algorithm is a prescribed set of well-defined instructions or statements for the solution of a given problem in a finite number of steps.
Related terms
algorithm;* instruction;* statement;* problem solving;
Computer programs formally describe and implement algorithms in a formal notation by way of one of the programming languages supported by the software of the computer system.
Related terms
program;* algorithm;* software;* computer system;*
The instructions or statements of the algorithm are usually encoded in a selected programming language.
Related terms
instruction;* statement;* algorithm;* programming language;
A computer-implemented algorithm has a definite beginning and a definite end, and consists of a finite number of steps.⇒
Related terms
An analog signal is a continuous, time-varying physical quantity whose changes represent directly (as an "analogue") the encoded information.
Related terms
analog;* signal; information;*
An analog signal or data can be represented by a continuous mathematical function of a time-varying physical quantity (such as voltage, current, pressure, intensity or amplitude etc.).
Related terms
Examples of application programs are web browsers, computer games, word processors, spreadsheet applications, various kinds of presentation software, graphics software, and so on.
Related terms
application program;* web; game; word processor;* spreadsheet;* presentation; software;*
Application software that involves cooperating programs, often known as collaborative software or groupware, is designed to help individuals work together on common tasks, regardless of their physical location.
Related terms
application program;* program;* software;* groupware;
More recently, Internet chatterbots have been able to carry on apparently intelligent conversations.⇒
Related terms
artificial intelligence;* Internet;* chatterbot;
B
Backward compatibility is the ability of a later and more capable computer to use a hardware unit developed for, or to directly execute a program written for, an earlier and less capable computer.
Related terms
backward compatibility;* computer;* hardware;* program;*
C
The speed of the central processing unit (CPU) is measured by Hertz (Hz or MHz, GHz) which represents the number of CPU cycles per second.
Related terms
processor;* speed;
An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a part of the central processing unit (CPU) that carries out arithmetical and logical operations.⇒
Related terms
arithmetic logic unit; processor;* operation;*
The chipset is a set of electronic components on one or more integrated circuits that manages the data flow between the processor, memory, and peripherals on the motherboard of computers.⇒
Related terms
chipset;* electronic;* integrated circuit; data;* processor;* memory;* peripheral; motherboard;* computer;*
The cloud or cloud computing is a metaphor for internet-based computing services that allow users to store, access and process data over the Internet instead of using the local computer's resources.
In the tutorial we'll also explore operating systems, applications, the Internet, the cloud, and a whole lot more.⇒
A computer cluster is a set of computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single system.
A computer along with additional hardware and software components that work together to achieve a certain goal can be called a computer system.
A computer system is an integrated set of hardware and software resources that work together to collect, process, store, and output data.
The primary resources of a computer system are hardware, software and manware.
Related terms
computer system;* (computer) resources; hardware;* software;*
primary resources ≺ (computer) resources
The hardware of a computer system is made up of functional units that communicate and cooperate with each other.
Related terms
computer system;* hardware;* functional hardware units;
Data are transferred between different components of a computer system using physical wires called bus.⇒
At times, the only reasonable way to determine the usefulness of a computer system with respect to a given problem is by experimentation.⇒
A computer control system manages, commands, and regulates devices or processes using feedback loops.
Related terms
control system;* computer;* feedback;
A feedback control system uses a closed-loop mechanism where the output or the system state is monitored via sensors, the detected signals are compared to predefined setpoints, and the input are adjusted by a controller to maintain stability or performance.
Related terms
feedback; control system;* sensor; comparator; controller;
A computer process control system uses computers to automate, monitor, and regulate physical systems such as machinery, chemical processes, or manufacturing lines.
Related terms
process control system;* computer;* physical system;
D
Data is stored information which is usually organized in a structured way.
Related terms
Organized data, especially when they appear in the form of models, provide an abstract representation of reality.
Related terms
data;*
The computer has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.⇒
Data are entered by terminal for immediate processing by the computer.⇒
Related terms
Data processing (DP) is the process of selecting and operating on data to produce useful information, e.g. by way of sorting and/or organizing data files.⇒
Related terms
data processing;* data;* information;*
Data representation is the coding rules and internal format applied to the different classes of primitive and complex data types defined in a computer system.
Related terms
data representation;* data type;* computer system;*
A particular data type is defined by a set of possible values and the operations that apply to them
Related terms
Examples of primitive data types are integers, real numbers, logical values and characters.
Examples of complex data types are strings, arrays, and database records.
Colloquially, a database is a collection of data on some subject however defined, accessed, and stored within a computer system.⇒
Strictly, a database is a structured collection of data held within a computer system using the facilities of a database management system or DBMS.⇒
A digit is any of those one-character symbols of the positional number systems that are used for representing numbers.
In the binary number system 0 and 1 are binary digits or bits.
In the hexadecimal number system 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and A, B, C, D, E, F are hexadecimal digits.
A digital signal or data can be represented by a sequence of numerical digits.
Related terms
digital;* signal; data;* digit;*
A digital device uses sequences of digits to represent data that are used during its operation.
Related terms
Digital technology consists of electronic devices, systems and resources that create, store and process data represented by sequences of binary digits.
Related terms
The word 'digital' implies a discrete, exactly countable value that can be represented as a series of digits.⇒
Related terms
E
Electronics is the science dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.⇒
An electronic circuit establishes a connection between electronic components to perform a specific function.
Electronic components are the fundamental, indivisible parts used to construct electronic circuits and devices.
Electronic components are categorized into passive devices (e.g. resistors, capacitors, inductors) and active devices (e.g. vacuum tubes, diodes, transistors, ICs).
Electronic devices are generally considered electrical.
Passive electronic components help to shape or regulate voltage and current flow in an electronic circuit.
Active electronic components control the flow of current by means of another electrical signal.
Although ENIAC was a room-size machine filled with 18,000 vacuum tubes, it demonstrated the practicability of electronic computing excellently by having a computation rate of 5,000 additions per second.⇒
Related terms
G
Grid computing is the use of widely distributed computer resources to reach a common goal.
H
The main hardware units of a von Neumann computer are a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a main memory, and input and output facilities.⇒
The hardware of a personal computer includes all of the computer's internal parts and external components, such as the motherboard, processor, main memory etc., and the monitor, keyboard, mouse etc., respectively.
The user sits in front of the display screen, which fulfils the function of an output device.⇒
After we have bought a new computer, the first thing we have to do is to set up and configure it.
I
In a technical sense, information is retrieved data which can be used for a specific purpose.
Related terms
Information storage and retrieval (ISR) involves the systematic recording, organizing, and accessing of data, transforming it into meaningful information and usable knowledge.
Related terms
information processing;* information;* data;* konwledge;
information storage and retrieval (ISR) ≺ information processing
Information processing is the acquisition, collection, organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information.
Related terms
information processing;* information;*
An instruction is a command to the processor of a given computer system.⇒
Related terms
An instruction is the smallest unit of a program which is executed directly by the processor.⇒
Each operation is described by a specific instruction or statement to be performed.
Related terms
operation;* instruction;* statement;*
An instruction is the description of an operation that is to be performed by the processor of a computer.⇒
Related terms
An instruction is normally made up of a combination of an operation code and the specification of the operands that present or refer to the data upon which the operation is to be performed.⇒
Related terms
instruction;* data;* operation;*
The operation code (or op code) is usually the first portion of the instruction that specifies the operation to be performed by the computer.⇒
Related terms
instruction;* operation;* computer;*
An instruction set is the totality of instructions that a processor of a given computer system is capable of performing.⇒
Related terms
instruction;* processor;* computer system;*
Modern digital electronic computers have a generic set of operations and instructions, and they have the capability to execute specific sets of them known as programs.
Related terms
computer;* operation;* instruction;* program;*
The instruction set of a given computer system includes the list of all the operation codes, the specification of the operands, and the permitted addressing schemes pertinent to each instruction.⇒
Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks which extends to the whole world.
Related terms
M
Computer memory stores data and instructions as a sequence of binary digits at specific, unique locations called memory addresses.
Related terms
memory;* data;* instruction;* address;*
see central processing unit (CPU);*
A motherboard (or mainboard) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers.⇒
The motherboard (MB) allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of the computer system (e.g. the CPU, main memory etc.).⇒
Traditional animation uses a series of hand-drawn frames that, when shown in rapid succession, create the illusion of lifelike movement.⇒
N
A computer network is a number of computers, terminals and peripherals connected together to allow communications between each other.⇒
computer network;*
computer;*
terminal;*
peripheral;
A computer network is a group of computers that are linked and function together in order that the interconnected computers and their users can communicate and cooperate with each other effectively and efficiently to achieve a certain goal.
The widespread use of local area networks makes it easier to back up data automatically from individual PCs and to store data at a central location.⇒
As the name implies, the Internet is a network that connects many local networks.⇒
O
The operating system is the main software that allocates resources to different programs, manages user access to the computer, and provides safety and security for system.
An operation is any procedure, such as addition, multiplication, set union, conjunction etc., that generates a unique value according to mechanistic rules from one or more given values as arguments.⇒
The fundamental operations of arithmetic are taken to be addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation.⇒
The fundamental set operations are complementation, union, and intersection.
Given a subset of T, such as S, we may define the complement of S with respect to a universal set T to consist of precisely those elements of T which are not included in the given subset.⇒
The fundamental logical operations are AND, OR, and NOT, which form the basis of Boolean algebra and circuit design.
Conjunction ('and'), disjunction ('or'), and negation ('not') are the fundamental logical operations in propositional logic used to connect propositions or statements based on their truth values.
Related terms
(logical) operation;*
proposition;
statement;
logical operation ≺ operation
P
see central processing unit (CPU);*
A computer program is a sequence of instructions or statements that can be executed by the computer in a well-defined order so as to produce a desired output by processing the input and the stored data.
A computer program is a set of organized, step-by-step instructions written in a programming language that tells a computer exactly how to perform specific tasks, process data, or achieve a particular result.
A program written in a high-level programming language is a sequence of statements.⇒
Related terms
The programs, especially the application programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks.
program;*
application program;*
A program for a von Neumann computer consists of a set of instructions that are examined and executed sequentially, that is, one after another.⇒
Related terms
A running program is stored in memory and executed by the CPU.
A computer program serves as the bridge between human logic and computer action.
R
A relational database applies a data model that views data as a collection of distinctly named two-dimensional tables some of which can be joined together to produce larger tables.
In the relational database model the cells within a particular column of a table always contain atomic or single data items which must be all of the same type.
S
Computer software is the intangible portion of the computer system consisting of all the programs that can be executed by the computer in order to produce a desired behaviour from the computer.
A given set of cooperating programs is called software.
Computer software tells the hardware what to do and how to do it by giving detailed and precise instructions to the hardware units concerned.
The software of a computer includes a set of cooperating programs that control the operation of the computer hardware, such as the operating system, drivers, utilities, software development environments, application programs etc.
Spreadsheets are interactive tables that contain selected pieces of information in their cells including numerical data, formulas, texts and other types of data.
Interactive tables can be manipulated by spreadsheet programs which store the data of the tables in files with dedicated extensions (e.g. xls or xlsx).
A statement is a unit from which a high-level language program is constructed.⇒
Related terms
A statement of a high-level language program is analogous to an instruction at the machine-code level.⇒
Related terms
statement;*
program;*
instruction;*
Each statement of a program is composed of a predefined sequence of given operations to be performed.
Related terms
statement;*
program;*
operation;*
T
A computer terminal is a simple data input and/or output device that is connected to a usually remote computer.
Related terms
Using a terminal, the user can control a remote computer interactively by typing commands through a text-based interface to the computer.
Colloquially, a terminal can be considered as a stand-alone keyboard with a connected monitor.
Transistors can switch electrical signals, usually by using a small input signal to control a much larger current flow.
Transistors can amplify electric current to boost signal strength in electronic circuits (e.g. in audio equipments, radio transmitters, sensor interfaces etc.).
Transistors act as electronic switches in digital circuits by toggling between 'on' (saturation) and 'off' (cut-off) states to represent binary 1s and 0s, respectively.
U
Upward compatibility is the ability of a new hardware unit or computer program developed for a later and more capable computer, to be used or to be directly executed by an earlier and less capable computer.
Related terms
upward compatibility;*
hardware;*
program;*
computer;*
W
A word processor is a program that enables its users to manipulate electronic documents with maximum flexibility so that they can easily compose, format, edit, store, or even print their documents.
MS Word is a versatile and widely used word processor which is very popular nowadays in many workplaces, for example in schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, and offices.
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